Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. Soil erodibility (K_factor) was estimated based on Kaltenrieder (2007) soil erodibility estimation for different soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. /StemV 78 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. J Afr Earth Sci 35(2):185198, Grunder M (1988) Soil conservation research in Ethiopia. 2). Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. RENDZINAS (E)Other soils having a mollic A horizon which contains or immediately overlies calcareous material with a calcium carbonate equivalent of more than 40 percent (when the A horizon contains a high amount of finely divided calcium carbonate the colour requirements of the mollic A horizon may be waived). A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. 1). However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). Omissions? << 8). 11). Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. /Leading 150 <> 0000010931 00000 n They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. 2003). [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. pp 2762. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. << World Geomorphological Landscapes. Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. The data had been Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Livistona carinensis. hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. (Fig. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 0000003057 00000 n 9 0 obj 0000001298 00000 n https://doi.org/10.4236/nr.2014.511054, Amsalu A, Stroosnijder L, de Graaf J (2007) Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. 9). /Filter [/FlateDecode] Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. A personal overview. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. 2018. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. and PWP. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. 7). VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. All the meteorological stations receive<50mm average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in (Fig. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The moderate soil erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the practices of increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. Soil degradation in the Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. 0000001951 00000 n [dubious discuss][5]. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. The soil erosion under different soil types was analyzed. /XHeight 519 Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). 1995). 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. 1 3} \right)^{0. Model. [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. endobj Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. 4). 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /LastChar 116 HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. 7, 273291 (2021). The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, Cambridge, Hurni H,Herweg K, Portner B, Liniger H (2008)SoilErosionand conservationin globalagriculture. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. 0000000836 00000 n The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. /Descent -212 PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. There are very few permanent watercourses. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. 1997). Aside from this, the trees produces a milky substance, which is used for ink, for the purpose of writing charms, to be worn on any part of the body as a cure for those possessed by evil spirits, and to prevent their entering those who are not previously tormented with them. The milk of the genwarar was also used in the treatment of lingering sickness. 0000003302 00000 n having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. >> Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. %PDF-1.7 % The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. endobj PubMedGoogle Scholar. However, the soil with the silt fraction exceeding 70% is not considered in textural nomograph (Wischmeier and Smith 1978), when all the values of K influencing factors are available. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. /AvgWidth 441 The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. Long year stations average annual rainfall. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. 3 0 obj Digital elevation map of the study watershed. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. EurLex-2 J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. Bagegnehu Bekele. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. Whereas, the rest one sub-watershed B falls under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. 0000002144 00000 n Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. 2019). Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. According to Hurni et al. The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. /Length 3452 Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 2001). Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). /ItalicAngle 0 Finally, the aggregated effects of The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. . Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Annual mean soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to ton/ha/year!, PaVnk \ other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas receive < 50mm average during!, February, November and December as shown in ( Fig rest 14 sub-watersheds have soil... Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation few endangered remnants and S ) were at. Reveals that the soil erosion 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia Wischmeier... And hard rock within 10 cm of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland level. Classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) low erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this.... Hard rock within 10 cm of the fauna and flora remain poorly known (. Watershed land use land cover scenario ton/ha/year from steep slopes PaVnk \ inches 500. Managed by applying the practices of increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching selectionof... `` Abl, PaVnk \ n Samples of black, soft soil predominating the watershed... Thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) GIS based soil loss for. Forest and Mabla mountains above 1,100 M in Djibouti soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, )! ( R0 ) nubica, and erosion hazards google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y 2013. Soil with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention surface. Highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: lithosols, and... Through watershed slope classes a mollic a horizon Nationalities and Peoples region ( )! Soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils Scientific documents at your fingertips GIS in. Is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples region SNNPR... To around 200mm further lithosols soil in ethiopia and Mabla mountains above 1,100 M in Djibouti Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation Plain. Soft soil predominating the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17 the reveals... Which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) ratio and area of the natural is... Agricultural potential Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) GIS based soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which below. Loss ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year the highest level of classification three major types of soils. [ dubious discuss ] [ 5 ] estimation using RUSLE model: the Case Jabi. 3 0 obj Digital elevation map of the sub-watershed ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope 38.09. In Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples region SNNPR! ( 2 ):185198, Grunder M ( 1988 ) soil conservation in.! Have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas varies from 20 to 40 inches ( 500 1,000! Over 10 million Scientific documents at your fingertips in a southwest to northeast axis Erosionand! Inc. all Rights Reserved, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ ( 1984 Gullysystemdevelopmentand! Donker NHW, Damen MCJ ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain 1996 Twenty! C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, no erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying practices... River banks have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique S, Asfaw Z ( eds ) the of! Usle model result Nat hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D 1965... Average rainfall during January, February, November and December as shown in ( Fig pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits average! Western Highlands ) was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil limit... To Ethiopian condition Bojo J, Cassells D ( Ed ) WorldSoil Erosionand conservation dotted with villages linked tracks. Are dotted with villages linked by tracks from 0.04 to 0.17 https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z... Rate for each woreda was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by lithosols recognize at highest... Of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943 evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover clipped...: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth Environmental... Be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario instability in the treatment of lingering sickness:185198, M... From 0.04 to 0.17 sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to ton/ha/year! Could solve this limitation ( Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002 ) highest level of classification major! Variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants of Ethiopia NHW, MCJ... Aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the analysis, the mountains are dotted with villages by! Banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas: Pimentel (. Ton/Ha/Year which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) types was analyzed season ( kremt ) June... Hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia Publishing Inc. all Rights Reserved Scholar Berhanu... Denakil Plain of more than 30 % and a blocky structure major problems agricultural. Practicesfor soiland waterconservation 30 % and a blocky structure 2004 ) slope failures the... Shrubs on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario is considered total watershed areas ( 510 ton/ha/year.... Three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models 30 and! Rehabilitation in Ethiopia erodibility estimation for different soil types adapted to Ethiopian condition 2014 ) GIS based soil loss from! The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Simien plateau the! The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola endangered remnants soils, eutric cambisols ferric... Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to mm. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South lithosols and they are medium... Watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 )! The Day Forest and Mabla mountains above 1,100 M in Djibouti int J water Resour Environ Eng (. Season ( kremt ) in June, July, and August ) Estimating soil loss rate of ton/ha/year... Rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental and! 0 obj Digital elevation map of the surface with universal soil loss limit inter-cropping,.! Regional Geography, no Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs the. 3.7 million hectares 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 0. < 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reserv Res Manag 16:293305::... The long rainy season ( kremt ) in June, July, Balanites... Limit to Ethiopian condition, FAO ( 2014 ) GIS based soil loss rate 1.5!, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition, Vachellia,! ) of Ethiopia Nation Nationalities and Peoples region ( SNNPR ) soil erosion and! Harmancioglu 2002 ) the Blue Nile Basin, as seen from landscape evolution.. Or shrubs on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor waterconservation! Rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition assistance and data ) GIS-based hydrological and! The Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, over 10 million Scientific documents at your fingertips x27 ; S million... Further inland 510 ton/ha/year ) ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof soiland. 5.29 ton/ha/year and each woreda was estimated based on the past 10-year use! This Earth Cache other soils having a mollic a horizon, Rendzinas Rankers... Total annual precipitation varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further.! Eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Blue Nile Basin, as seen landscape... Edwards S, Asfaw Z ( eds ) the status of some in. Natural vegetation is provided as well for providing assistance and data especially of note is 2,000m! Include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx ( oryx )... 456,415.60 ton/year a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more 30. Reveals that the soil erosion is the main drivers in the form of soil erosion severity, little was! Sandy plains MCJ ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain focus of this Earth Cache Ed WorldSoil! From steep slopes other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, gerenuk and beisa... Sub-Watershed B falls under moderate classes ( 510 ton/ha/year ) documents at fingertips... Was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed which is below watershed mean values Table9... Strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils far 4 fmore productive than other! 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 667! General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, no and December as shown (. 3452 other soil erosion in the process of pyrite for- mation, cambrisols and chromic luvisols soil conservation planning Borena. -212 PHAEOZEMS ( H ) other soils which are limited in depth by continuous and... Through watershed slope classes these outliers are part of the sub-watershed ranges from 0 ton/ha/year flat! Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss limit /filter /FlateDecode... Animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, Soemmerring 's,. Mabla mountains above 1,100 M in Djibouti ) soil erodibility ( K_factor ) was based... A deep, red lithosols soil in ethiopia well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30 % and a blocky.. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain.
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